RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Propagation protocol for blowout penstemon (Penstemon haydenii), a federal endangered species of the Nebraska Sandhills and Wyoming JF Native Plants Journal JO NATIVE PLANTS JOURNAL FD University of Wisconsin Press SP 65 OP 69 DO 10.3368/npj.21.1.65 VO 21 IS 1 A1 Richard Gilbert A1 Tara Luna A1 Greg Wright YR 2020 UL http://npj.uwpress.org/content/21/1/65.abstract AB Blowout penstemon (Penstemon haydenii S. Watson [Plantaginaceae]) is a federal endangered species endemic to the Nebraska Sandhills and the Ferris Dunes of south-central Wyoming. It is an early seral colonizer that recruits into active sand dune blowout areas. Seeds exhibit physical and physiological dormancy and require scarification and stratification for germination. At the USDA Forest Service Bessey Nursery, seeds are placed in a 20-min phosphoric acid bath, thoroughly rinsed in running water, and placed into a 30-d cold, moist stratification at 1 °C (34 °F). Germination rates of stored Nebraska seed sources average 30% or higher. Nebraska seedlings have been outplanted in suitable blowout areas on USDA Forest Service lands as one of the management objectives of the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Recovery Plan. Outplanting survival rates vary from 5 to 50%, depending on post-establishment environmental conditions. Outplanted seedlings consistently produce seeds that contribute to the seedbank and seedling establishment.