PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Katri Himanen
AU  - Markku Nygren
AU  - R Kasten Dumroese
TI  - Boiling water scarification plus stratification improves germination of <em>Iliamna rivularis</em> (Malvaceae) seeds
AID  - 10.3368/npj.13.3.244
DP  - 2012 Sep 21
TA  - Native Plants Journal
PG  - 244--256
VI  - 13
IP  - 3
4099  - http://npj.uwpress.org/content/13/3/244.short
4100  - http://npj.uwpress.org/content/13/3/244.full
SO  - NATIVE PLANTS JOURNAL2012 Sep 21; 13
AB  - Scarification with boiling water plus stratification was most effective in improving germination of Iliamna rivularis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene (Malvaceae) in an experiment that compared 3 treatments. Seeds from 15 sites representing 5 western US states were used in the experiment. Initial response of the seedlots to the treatments was similar, apart from one seedlot. The control treatment (intact seeds) yielded poor germination (1.8%). Mechanical scarification (part of the seedcoat removed) improved germination (average germination 49%), but not as much as the combination of boiling the seeds for 120 s plus stratifying them 28 d at 4 °C (average germination 70%). Germinants from the boiling plus stratification treatment appeared to be more vigorous. Impermeability of the seedcoat is the main factor preventing germination, but the response of embryos to stratification may suggest some physiological dormancy. These treatments can be adapted to nursery production of this species, which has ornamental potential and ecological importance.