Article Figures & Data
Figures
Sweetgrass inflorescence with flowers blooming in June in Mi’kma’ki.
- Figure 1.
Traditional sweetgrass uses in Mi’kma’ki (Nova Scotia): white ash baskets with sweetgrass embellishments, created by Mi’kmaq basket makers (A); sweetgrass braid made by JA Francis (B); and smudging (C). Photo A by A Showers
Making a sweetgrass (Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp [Poaceae]) braid in Mi’kma’ki.
- Figure 2.
Sweetgrass growth in Mi’kma’ki (Nova Scotia): sweetgrass panicle-shaped inflorescence (A); inflorescence emerging in early spring (B); mother ramets producing daughter ramets via rhizomes (C); spikelets composed of florets (D); seed enclosed by bracts (glume, lemma, palea) (E); rhizome growing aboveground (stolon) (F).
Sweetgrass habitat with abundant inflorescences in Mi’kma’ki in May.
Close-up of sweetgrass florets in Mi’kma’ki.
- Figure 3.
Sweetgrass seed germination (%) at different storage periods (2 wk, 4 wk, 8 wk, 3 mo, 6 mo, 9 mo, and 12 mo), represented in weeks, at room and refrigerator temperature. Error bars are standard error (n = 5 sets of 10 seeds). Kruskal-Wallis Chi-sq = 40.059, P < 0.0001.
- Figure 4.
Sweetgrass (A) seeding growth outplanted into the Wildcat Community garden bed on 29 May 2023 (B) and 21 September 2023 (C).
- Figure 5.
Coumarin concentrations (mg/g) in dry aboveground sweetgrass grown from seed in raised garden beds outside after one growing season compared with wild sweetgrass from where we sourced the seeds. Locations with different letters (a-b) between garden bed and salt marsh are significantly different. Diamonds represent average value (composite samples, n = 3; n = 9 for Siknikt marsh). ANOVA F = 5.765, P < 0.01.
- Figure 6.
Sweetgrass seeds with infection (A–E) compared with a potentially viable seed (F).
Figure A1. Cumulative average (n = 5 sets of 10 seeds) seed germination over germination time, in days, under different pre-sowing treatments.
Tables
- CONVERSIONS
(°C × 1.8) + 32 = °F cm (10,000 μm) × 0.4 = in l (1000 ml or 1,000,000 μl) × 33.8 = fl oz g (1000 mg) × 0.04 = oz - TABLE 1
Influence of pre-sowing treatment combinations for each hydration method on germination percentage (%) and mean germination time (MGT).
Hydration Bracts vs. No bracts Growth enhancer Germination (%) MGT (days) H2O Bracts None 12c ± 7 22a ± 4 GA3 14bc ± 7 21a ± 1 No bracts None 46a ± 10 25a ± 3 GA3 38ab ± 8 17a ± 1 Chi-sq = 9.126 F = 1.905 P = 0.028 P = 0.18 H2O2 Bracts None 6b ± 4 40a ± 5 GA3 4b ± 2 17b ± 2 No bracts None 32a ± 5 25ab ± 3 GA3 26a ± 2 26ab ± 3 Chi-sq = 14.156 F = 4.869 P < 0.01 P = 0.024 H2SO4 Bracts None 0 n/a GA3 0 n/a No bracts None 0 n/a GA3 2* 15* None Bracts None 6bc ± 4 29a ± 11 GA3 0c n/a No bracts None 30a ± 3 24a ± 2 GA3 24ab ± 7 24a ± 3 Chi-sq = 12.708 F = 0.685 P < 0.01 P = 0.45 - TABLE 2
Influence of pre-sowing treatment combinations across hydration methods on germination percentage (%) and mean germination time (MGT).
Treatment Bracts vs. No bracts Germination (%) MGT (days) H2O Bracts 17c ± 5 21a ± 2 No bracts 42a ± 6 21a ± 2 H2O2 Bracts 5d ± 2 28a ± 7 No bracts 29b ± 3 26a ± 2 H2SO4 Bracts 0 n/a No bracts 1* 15* None Bracts 3e ± 4 29a ± 11 No bracts 27c ± 4 24a ± 1 Chi-sq = 55.156 F = 1.258 P < 0.0001 P = 0.30 - TABLE A1
Descriptions of sweetgrass habitats visited in Mi’kma’ki (Nova Scotia). Given the cultural sensitivity of sweetgrass, specific locations are not explicitly disclosed.
Mi’kma’ki district Habitat Inflorescence abundance (per 1 m2) Known to be harvested? Habitat type Kespukwitk A ≥ 50 Yes Estuary upper salt marsh B ≥ 50 Yes Estuary upper salt marsh C ≥ 50 No Estuary upper salt marsh D ≥ 50 No Fresh water marsh on ocean cliff edge Sipekne’katik D ≥ 50 No Riverside E 0 No Salt marsh Piktuk F < 50 No Estuary shoreline Siknikt G ≥ 50 No Upper salt marsh Unama’ki H 0 No Rocky inlet I ≥ 50 Yes Estuary upper salt marsh J ≥ 50 No Upper salt marsh K ≥ 50 No Estuary upper salt marsh L ≥ 50 Yes Freshwater marsh of tidal inlet Storage period Storage temperature MGT (days) 2 wk Room 64a ± 4 Fridge (4 °C) 63a ± 1 4 wk Room 51ab ± 6 Fridge (4 °C) 43abc ± 7 8 wk Room 35abc ± 4 Fridge (4 °C) 32* 3 mo Room n/a Fridge (4 °C) n/a 6 mo Room 38abc ± 13 Fridge (4 °C) 23bc ± 5 9 mo Room n/a Fridge (4 °C) 15bc ± 3 12 mo Room n/a Fridge (4 °C) n/a F = 6.512 P < 0.01 Notes: Level of error (±) is represented by standard error (n = 5 sets of 10 seeds). Rows that do not share the same letters for each treatment (storage period and temperature) are significantly different from one another. “n/a” means “not applicable” due to no seeds germinated.
- TABLE A3
Influence of biological treatments on germination percentage (%) and mean germination time (MGT) after 4 wk of storage.
Treatment Storage temperature Germination (%) MGT (days) Seaweed extract Room 4 ± 2 56 ± 3 Fridge (4 °C) 16 ± 5 59 ± 3 Mycorrhizal inoculant Room 26 ± 7 52 ± 1 Fridge (4 °C) 22 ± 7 53 ± 6 Control Room 26 ± 8 62 ± 2 Fridge (4 °C) 26 ± 9 56 ± 1 Chi-sq = 8.334 F = 2.203 P = 0.14 P = 0.099 Notes: Level of error (±) is represented by standard error (n = 5 sets of 10 seeds). There were no significant differences among treatments. Pooling together room and fridge stored seeds within treatments did have significant differences. Germination percent significance assessed with a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and MGT assessed with a one-way ANOVA.
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