Article Figures & Data
Figures
Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis Swartz [Pinaceae]) seedlings, 2 wk old.
Germinating Pinus occidentalis seeds.
Pinus occidentalis seeds on moist blotter paper in the germination chamber.
- Figure 1
Water uptake curve (fresh weight basis) for Pinus occidentalis. Each point represents the mean (± s.e.) of 7 replicates.
- Figure 2A
Ratios of estimated odds of germination for each seed moisture content when compared to the control (35%), with 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line at 1.0 on the y axis indicates no statistical difference, and the gray background fill represents the area of no biological significance between 0.53 and 2.58.
- Figure 2B
Ratios of estimated odds of germination for each cold stratification length when compared to the control (0 d), with 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line at 1.0 on the y axis indicates no statistical difference, and the gray fill represents the area of no biological significance between 0.53 and 2.58.
- Figure 3A
Ratios of estimated odds of germination for each sanitation treatment when compared to the control, with 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line at 1 on the y axis indicates no statistical difference, and the gray fill represents the area of no biological significance between 0.55 and 2.19. Treatments 2, 3, 5, 9, and 10 have the potential of decreasing the odds of a seed germinating when compared to the control, and treatments 1, 4, 6, 7, and 8 have increased odds of a seed germinating when compared to the control.
- Figure 3B
Ratio of the estimated odds of a germinated seed having mold when compared to the control, with 95% confidence intervals. The dashed line at 1 on the y axis indicates no statistical difference. An asterisk (*) represents a significant difference from the control.
Germinating Pinus occidentalis seeds 15 d after a 1-h hydrogen peroxide soak followed by a 1-h running-water rinse. This treatment was the only one to statistically reduce fungi on the germinating seeds.
Germinating Pinus occidentalis seeds infected with fungi 15 d after being placed in a germination chamber with no sanitation treatment.
Tables
- Table 1
Sanitation treatments used in this study consisted of various combinations of soaks in diluted 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or 3% hydrogen peroxide and running-water rinses.
Treatment Description 1 10-min soak in solution of 2 parts bleach to 3 parts water, 12-h running-water rinse 2 10-min soak in solution of 1 part bleach to 5 parts water, 12-h running-water rinse 3 11-h running-water rinse, 10-min soak in solution of 2 parts bleach to 3 parts water, 1-h running-water rinse 4 11-h running water rinse, 10-min soak in solution of 1 part bleach to 5 parts water, 1-h running-water rinse 5 10-min soak in solution of 2 parts bleach to 3 parts water, 30-min running-water rinse 6 10-min soak in solution of 1 part bleach to 5 parts water, 30-min running-water rinse 7 1-h soak in 3% hydrogen peroxide, 1-h running-water rinse 8 4-h soak in 3% hydrogen peroxide, 1-h running-water rinse 9 12-h soak in 3% hydrogen peroxide, 1-h running-water rinse 10 12-h running-water rinse 11 Control (no soak or rinse) - Table 2
Germination odds (with 95% confidence intervals) and mean germination time (MGT) (with 95% confidence intervals) for each level of seed moisture content and length of cold stratification.
Germination odds (%) MGT (d) Moisture content (%) 5 71.5 (65.6, 76.8) 13.6 (13.1, 14.2) 27 74.1 (68.1, 79.3) 13.1 (12.6, 13.7) 31 74.3 (68.4, 79.4) 13.6 (13.0, 14.1) 35 (control) 73.8 (68.0, 78.9) 12.9 (12.4, 13.5) 39 73.5 (67.6, 78.6) 13.6 (13.1, 14.4) Stratification length (d) 0 (control) 74.1 (68.3, 79.2) 12.4 (11.9, 13.0) 7 70.5 (64.5, 75.8) 13.2 (12.6, 13.7) 14 70.6 (64.6, 76.0) 13.4 (12.9, 14.0)z 21 73.0 (67.1, 78.2) 14.5 (13.9, 15.0)z 28 78.5 (72.9, 83.2) 13.4 (12.9, 13.9)z Notes: Means and confidence intervals for each level of seed moisture content were averaged over all stratification lengths, and means and confidence intervals for each cold stratification length were averaged over all seed moisture content levels. No significant difference occurred in the odds of germination between the control and treatments for seed moisture content or cold stratification length.
↵z Indicates significant differences between the treatment and control as determined using Dunnett’s test (α = 0.05).
- Table 3
Germination odds (with 95% confidence intervals), mean germination time (MGT) (with 95% confidence intervals), and percentage of germinated seeds with mold (with 95% confidence intervals) for each sanitation treatment and the control.
Treatmentz Germination odds (%) MGT (d) Seeds with mold (%) 1 74 (64, 82) 13.9 (12.8, 15.0) 2.7 (0.3, 22.7) 2 68 (58, 75) 12.8 (11.7, 13.9) 2.9 (0.3, 24.3) 3 67 (57, 75) 14.6 (13.5, 15.6) 4.5 (0.7, 24.6) 4 77 (68, 84) 13.6 (12.6, 14.7) 1.3 (0.04, 26.4) 5 66 (56, 75) 16.3 (15.3, 17.4)y 25.8 (12.1, 46.7) 6 76 (67, 83) 14.0 (13.0, 15.1) 1.3 (0.05, 26.7) 7 79 (70, 86) 13.9 (12.8, 15.0) 3.8 (0.6, 21.5)y 8 80 (71, 87) 15.0 (14.0, 16.1) 1.3 (0.05, 25.7) 9 67 (57, 75) 12.8 (11.7, 13.9) 1.5 (0.06, 29.4) 10 68 (58, 76) 14.2 (13.1, 15.3) 50.0 (31.1, 68.9) Control 69 (59, 77) 13.1 (12.1, 14.2) 43.5 (25.7, 63.1) Notes: No significant difference occurred in the odds of germination between any treatment and the control.
- Table 4
Genera of fungi identified on ungerminated seeds from each sanitation treatment and the control.
Genus Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alternariaz Fusariumz Rhizoctoniaz Botryosphaeriay Chaetomiumy Epicoccumy Ulocladiumy Aspergillusx Cladosporiumx Penicilliumx Mortierellw Mucorw Phaeoacremoniumw Pyrenochaetaw Rhizopusw Unknown ↵z Genera known to contain species that are known to cause seed or seedling death.
↵y Genera known to contain species that show weak pathogenicity that can cause death of damaged seeds or low-vigor seedlings.
↵x Saprophytic genera that feed on dead or decaying seed tissue and can cause seed death if seeds are stored incorrectly or if seeds are damaged. These genera do not harm seedlings.
↵w Not known to cause disease in conifer seeds or seedlings.
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