Article Figures & Data
Figures
Ornamental bunchgrasses (Poaceae) before a water treatment in Stephenville, Texas.
Inflorescence color variation of 3 sideoats grama trial plants.
- Figure 1.
Mean herbage dry matter yield (DMY) for sideoats grama (SOG; blue), little bluestem (LBS; red), fountaingrass (FG; green), and feather reed grass (FRG; purple) at 4 soil-saturation irrigation levels.
- Figure 2.
Mean canopy diameter for sideoats grama (SOG; blue), little bluestem (LBS; red), fountaingrass (FG; green), and feather reed grass (FRG; purple) at 4 soil-saturation irrigation levels.
- Figure 3.
Mean plant heights for sideoats grama (SOG; blue), little bluestem (LBS; red), feather grass (FG; green), and feather reed grass (FRG; purple) at 4 soil-saturation irrigation levels.
Root DMY among species.
Herbage C % among species.
Herbage C yield among species.
Herbage N % among species.
Herbage N yield among species.
Tables
Accession Latitude Longitude Mean annual temp (°C) Annual rain (mm) Soil LBS OK select 35.0473 −97.8722 16.1 826 Zaneis loam Cimarron 36.7936 −102.6216 12.4 418 Dalhart fine sandy loam 9110960 31.4387 −98.30789 18.1 742 Clay loam 9110987 30.7831 −99.7311 17.7 599 Clay loam 9110978 30.2084 −99.2250 17.8 711 Very cobbly clay 9085822 33.1419 −97.179- 17.9 902 Somervell gravelly loam 9089229 29.2684 −98.0465 20.6 736 Vernia very gravelly loamy sand 9089176 29.4201 −98.5721 20.6 688 Aluf sand 9064461 28.8801 −99.7233 21.1 559 Antoso-Bobillo sand 9092979 32.8233 −101.4339 17.3 498 Olton Clay loam 9093042 34.0792 −101.2524 14.7 528 Manske clay loam SOG El Reno 35.5323 −97.9550 15.3 811 Norge silt loam Vaughn 34.6017 −105.2083 11.2 327 Clovis loam Haskell 33.1576 −99.7337 17.9 633 Abilene clay loam 9112300 30.6483 −97.9176 18.9 822 Oakalla silty clay loam 9112062 30.8437 −99.2029 17.8 667 Sunev clay loam 9107926 32.0879 −98.0169 17.9 796 Frio clay loam 9088961 28.8661 −98.5721 21.0 687 Weigang sandy clay loam 9088948 28.8314 −99.1013 21.2 613 Duval loamy fine sand 9093236 29.8688 −101.1617 19.8 452 Zorra clay loam 9110007 30.2349 −101.8000 19.2 391 Dev gravelly loam 9110049 30.0000 −103.3587 16.9 387 Sanmoss-Medley gravelly loam Notes: (°C × 1.8) + 32 = °F
- TABLE 2
Root dry matter yield (g/potted plant) of sideoats grama (mean of 11 accessions), little bluestem (mean of 11 accessions), feathergrass, feather reed grass, and pheasant-tail grass (species × water; P ≤ 0.05).
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 5.4 ab A* 7.1 a A 2.6 a A 2.7 a A 1.34 Little bluestem 7.9 a A 7.3 a A 3.2 a A 3.2 a A 1.30 Feather grass 7.4 a A 4.9 ab A 2.9 a A 3.4 a A 1.34 Feather reed grass 10.5 a A 4.3 ab B 3.1 a B 3.7 a B 1.34 Pheasant tail 0.2 b A 0.3 b A 0.1 a A 0.9 a A 1.30 Standard error 1.30 1.34 1.34 1.34 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each row (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Entry Irrigation treatment (%) Spikelets Inflorescence shoots Feather reed grass 50 0 0.3 Fountaingrass 100 — 2.1 50 — 0.3 Little bluestem 100 0 1.7 50 0 1.0 25 0 0.3 Sideoats grama 100 24.7 8.5 50 23.2 4.6 25 20.8 1.7 12.5 14.5 1.1 * Inflorescence shoot values are the average of all harvests including “0.”
— represents inflorescence where spikelets were difficult to count.
- TABLE 4
Aboveground herbage dry matter yield (g/potted plant) for 5 bunchgrass species irrigated with 12.5 to 100% soil-saturation every 3 d (species × water P ≤ 0.05; averages of all accessions for sideoats grama and little bluestem).
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 43.7 a A* 26.7 a B 10.4 a C 4.3 a C 2.36 Little bluestem 34.1 ab A 16.5 ab B 9.1 a BC 2.7 a C 2.36 Fountaingrass 27.7 b A 16.3 ab AB 4.4 a BC 2.5 a C 2.49 Feather reed grass 25.9 b A 12.9 bc B 3.2 a B 2.2 a B 2.49 Pheasant tail 0.7 c A 0.9 c A 1.0 a A 1.1 a A 2.36 Standard error 2.36 2.49 2.36 2.49 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each row (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
- TABLE 5
Herbage dry matter yield (DMY) (g/plant) among accessions of little bluestem and sideoats grama averaged over 4 levels of irrigation (accession × irrigation; P > 0.05).
Little bluestem Herbage DMY (g/plant) Sideoats grama Herbage DMY (g/plant) 9089229 17.3 a* A 9112062 21.3 a A OK Select 16.2 a AB 9088948 19.4 ab AB 9064461 15.6 ab AB 9088961 18.9 ab AB Cimarron 15.5 abc AB 9110007 18.5 ab ABC 9089176 14.9 abc ABC 9107926 18.2 ab ABC 9110987 13.9 abc BCD 9110049 17.7 ab BC 9110978 13.6 abc BCD Haskell 17.5 ab BC 9110960 13.5 abc BCD El Reno 16.7 ab BC 9085822 12.0 bc CD Vaughn 16.1 b BC 9092979 11.7 bc CD 9093236 15.4 b BC 9093042 11.4 c D 9112300 14.8 b C Standard error 1.57 1.58 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same lower-case letter (P ≤ 0.05) upper case letter (P ≤ 0.10) do not differ according to least significant difference multiple means separation test.
- TABLE 6
Canopy diameter (cm/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species at 4 irrigation levels (species × irrigation P ≤ 0.05; averages of all accessions for sideoats grama and little bluestem).
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 50.3 b A* 42.6 b A 29.2 a A 29.1 a A 4.92 Little bluestem 40.0 b A 34.7 b A 27.5 a A 25.9 a A 4.92 Fountaingrass 52.7 ab AB 58.0 ab A 36.3 a AB 30.0 a B 4.92 Feather reed grass 77.3 a A 71.0 a A 51.3 a AB 43.3 a B 4.92 Pheasant tail 45.7 b A 31.7 b A 43.7 a A 40.0 a A 4.92 Standard error 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each line (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
- TABLE 7
Canopy diameter (cm) among little bluestem and sideoats grama accessions averaged over 4 levels of soil-saturation (accession × irrigation P > 0.05).
Little bluestem Canopy diameter (cm) Sideoats grama Canopy diameter (cm) 9089229 32.83 abc* 9112062 37.42 a OK Select 35.33 ab 9088948 36.83 a 9064461 40.17 a 9088961 37.17 a Cimarron 32.17 abc 9110007 32.33 a 9089176 33.71 ab 9107926 41.83 a 9110987 33.83 ab 9110049 34.75 a 9110978 32.67 abc Haskell 37.17 a 9110960 33.58 ab El Reno 39.92 a 9085822 29.83 bc Vaughn 36.92 a 9092979 24.21 c 9093236 43.50 a 9093042 24.13 c 9112300 38.03 a Standard error 1.96 2.56 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test. 1 cm = 0.4 in
- TABLE 8
Height (cm/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05; averages of all accessions for sideoats grama and little bluestem).
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 44.6 a A* 36.3 a A 31.4 a A 35.1 ab A 3.49 Little bluestem 45.9 a A 34.9 a AB 23.9 a B 28.5 ab AB 3.49 Feather grass 38.9 ab A 36.2 a A 20.8 a AB 16.8 b B 3.49 Feather reed grass 54.4 a A 39.7 a AB 22.9 a B 42.2 a A 3.49 Pheasant tail 24.2 b A 33.7 a A 25.1 a A 36.5 a A 3.49 Standard error 3.49 3.49 3.49 3.49 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each row (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
- TABLE 9
Height (cm) of little bluestem and sideoats grama accessions averaged over 4 irrigation levels (accession × saturation; P > 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Little bluestem Height (cm) Sideoats grama Height (cm) 9089229 33.5 ab* 9112062 44.4 a OK Select 34.3 ab 9088948 36.1 bcd 9064461 39.0 a 9088961 38.9 abc Cimarron 30.4 b 9110007 34.9 cd 9089176 35.4 ab 9107926 34.0 cd 9110987 35.4 ab 9110049 37.0 abcd 9110978 28.5 b Haskell 31.7 cd 9110960 35.9 ab El Reno 30.5 d 9085822 30.9 ab Vaughn 36.1 bcd 9092979 32.6 ab 9093236 38.9 abc 9093042 30.3 b 9112300 43.7 ab Standard error 1.80 2.00 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test. 1 cm = 0.4 in
Root DMY (g/plant) among accessions of LBS and SOG averaged over 4 levels of soil-saturation (accession × saturation; P > 0.05).
Little bluestem (LBS) Root DMY (g/plant) Sideoats grama (SOG) Root DMY (g/plant) 9089229 4.82 a* 9112062 4.18 a OK Select 4.73 a 9088948 4.18 a 9064461 4.32 a 9088961 3.80 a Cimarron 4.90 a 9110007 3.84 a 9089176 5.19 a 9107926 3.74 a 9110987 5.28 a 9110049 4.27 a 9110978 5.13 a Haskell 4.06 a 9110960 5.39 a El Reno 4.51 a 9085822 4.41 a Vaughn 4.55 a 9092979 4.04 a 9093236 4.42 a 9093042 4.73 a 9112300 8.21 a Standard error 0.48 1.27 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage C (%/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 41.0 ab A* 40.5 a A 40.2 a A 39.9 ab A .45 Little bluestem 41.5 a A 39.8 a A 39.3 a A 40.7 a A .45 FG 41.1 ab A 39.4 a AB 39.4 a AB 38.2 b B .47 FRG 39.5 ab A 38.7 a A 39.8 a A 39.4 ab A .47 PTG 38.7 b B 40.1 a AB 41.2 a A 41.2 a A .45 Standard error .47 .45 .47 .45 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each line (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage C (%) among accessions of LBS and SOG averaged over 4 levels of soil-saturation (accession × saturation; P > 0.05).
Little bluestem Herbage C (%) Sideoats grama Herbage C (%) 9089229 40.15 ab* 9112062 40.28 a OK Select 40.67 ab 9088948 40.41 a 9064461 41.17 a 9088961 40.64 a Cimarron 40.73 ab 9110007 40.47 a 9089176 40.21 ab 9107926 40.49 a 9110987 39.87 ab 9110049 40.70 a 9110978 39.60 b Haskell 40.28 a 9110960 40.83 ab El Reno 39.90 a 9085822 40.23 ab Vaughn 40.55 a 9092979 40.37 ab 9093236 40.58 a 9093042 39.82 ab 9112300 40.93 a Standard error 0.33 0.39 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage C yield (g/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 1563.5 a A* 902.0 a B 298.7 a C 137.2 a C 65.51 Little bluestem 1299.9 ab A 693.6 ab B 204.5 a C 109.8 a C 65.51 FG 967.5 b A 725.2 ab A 171.9 a B 95.4 a B 69.16 FRG 1028.0 b A 498.8 b B 141.4 a BC 110.3 a C 69.16 PTG 25.6 c A 37.7 c A 42.5 a A 44.2 a A 65.51 Standard error 68.43 65.51 68.43 65.51 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each line (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage N (%/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 1.3 a B* 1.8 bc AB 2.3 a A 1.3 a B 0.14 Little bluestem 1.4 a BC 2.0 abc AB 2.3 a A 0.8 a C 0.14 FG 2.0 a AB 2.6 a A 2.7 a A 1.3 a B 0.14 FRG 1.4 a B 2.5 ab A 2.2 a AB 0.7 a C 0.14 PTG 1.6 a A 1.7 c A 1.4 b A 1.2 a A 0.14 Standard error 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each line (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage N (%/plant) among accessions of LBS and SOG averaged over 4 levels of soil-saturation (accession × saturation; P > 0.05).
Little bluestem Herbage N
(%/plant)Sideoats grama Herbage N
(%/plant)9089229 1.78 ab* 9112062 1.58 a OK Select 1.42 b 9088948 1.56 a 9064461 1.60 ab 9088961 1.68 a Cimarron 1.52 b 9110007 1.59 a 9089176 1.55 ab 9107926 1.72 a 9110987 1.66 ab 9110049 1.49 a 9110978 1.93 a Haskell 1.65 a 9110960 1.56 ab El Reno 1.98 a 9085822 1.55 ab Vaughn 1.65 a 9092979 1.50 b 9093236 1.66 a 9093042 1.69 ab 9112300 5.15 a Standard error 0.10 1.12 ↵* Values within each column followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Herbage N yield (g/potted plant) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 48.2 a A* 40.9 ab A 16.9 a B 4.4 a B 2.56 Little bluestem 42.4 a A 34.5 ab A 12.1 ab B 2.1 a B 2.56 FG 45.6 a A 46.5 a A 11.6 ab B 3.3 a B 2.70 FRG 37.6 a A 31.7 b A 7.8 ab B 2.0 a B 2.70 PTG 1.1 b A 1.6 c A 1.5 b A 1.2 a A 2.56 Standard error 2.70 2.56 2.70 2.56 ↵* Values within each column (lower case) and each line (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Greatest native accessions plant height (cm) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 55.0 a A 44.9 a A 38.7 a A 39.2 a A 4.37 Little bluestem 47.3 ab A 45.3 a A 33.8 a A 29.5 a A 4.37 FG 38.9 ab A 32.8 a A 20.8 a A 16.8 a A 4.63 FRG 54.4 a A 39.7 a AB 22.9 a B 41.2 a AB 4.63 PTG 24.2 b A 33.7 a A 25.1 a A 36.5 a A 4.37 Standard error 4.37 4.63 4.37 4.63 * Values within each column (lower case) and each row (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Greatest native accessions canopy diameter (cm) among 5 bunchgrass species (species × water; P ≤ 0.05) in a greenhouse trial.
Species Soil saturation % Standard error 100 50 25 12.5 Sideoats grama 56.3 ab A 40.0 b AB 24.0 a B 29.3 a AB 5.66 Little bluestem 54.3 ab A 47.7 ab AB 34.7 a AB 24.0 a B 5.66 FG 52.7 ab A 58.3 ab A 36.3 a A 30.0 a A 5.97 FRG 77.3 a A 71.0 a AB 51.3 a AB 40.8 a B 5.97 PTG 45.7 b A 31.7 b A 43.7 a A 40.0 a A 5.66 Standard error 5.66 5.97 5.66 5.97 * Values within each column (lower case) and each row (upper case) followed by the same letter do not differ (P ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means separation test.
Inflorescence colors.
Entry # accession Corresponding species Rep Water treatment Color 4 SOG (El Reno) 1 1 Red, pink-orange 4 SOG (El Reno) 1 2 Pink-orange, pink 4 SOG (El Reno) 1 3 Pink 4 SOG (El Reno) 1 4 Red 4 SOG (El Reno) 2 3 Pink 4 SOG (El Reno) 3 1 Tan, red 4 SOG (El Reno) 3 3 Red 5 SOG (Vaughn) 1 1 Red-orange, red-purple 5 SOG (Vaughn) 1 2 Purple 5 SOG (Vaughn) 1 3 Pink-orange 5 SOG (Vaughn) 1 4 Pink-orange 5 SOG (Vaughn) 2 1 Pink-orange 5 SOG (Vaughn) 2 3 Red-orange 5 SOG (Vaughn) 2 4 Red 5 SOG (Vaughn) 3 1 Red-orange, red and pink 5 SOG (Vaughn) 3 2 Pink-red-orange, red 5 SOG (Vaughn) 3 4 Red-orange 6 SOG (Haskell) 1 1 Tan, orange 6 SOG (Haskell) 1 3 Red-orange 6 SOG (Haskell) 2 3 Purple 6 SOG (Haskell) 3 1 Tan, pink 6 SOG (Haskell) 3 2 Pink-red-orange, red-purple 7 SOG 9112300 1 3 Pink 7 SOG 9112300 2 1 Red-orange 7 SOG 9112300 2 3 Pink-orange 7 SOG 9112300 2 4 Pink 7 SOG 9112300 3 1 Red-orange 8 SOG 9112062 1 2 Yellow 8 SOG 9112062 1 4 Purple 8 SOG 9112062 2 2 Red-orange 8 SOG 9112062 2 3 Pink 8 SOG 9112062 3 1 Tan, pink 8 SOG 9112062 3 2 Red-orange 9 SOG 9107926 1 2 Tan, pink 9 SOG 9107926 1 3 Yellow 9 SOG 9107926 2 1 Tan 9 SOG 9107926 2 2 Yellow 9 SOG 9107926 2 3 Yellow 9 SOG 9107926 3 1 Tan mostly and pink 10 SOG 9088961 2 3 Pink-orange 10 SOG 9088961 3 3 Pink-orange 11 SOG 9088948 1 1 Red-orange 11 SOG 9088948 1 4 Pink-orange 11 SOG 9088948 2 1 Red-orange 11 SOG 9088948 2 2 Pink 11 SOG 9088948 2 4 Pink-orange 11 SOG 9088948 3 1 Red-orange, tan 11 SOG 9088948 3 2 Pink-orange 11 SOG 9088948 3 3 Red-orange 12 SOG 9093236 3 1 Light yellow, tan 13 SOG 9110007 1 1 Pink-orange 13 SOG 9110007 1 3 Red-orange 13 SOG 9110007 2 1 Yellow-orange 13 SOG 9110007 2 4 Pink-orange 13 SOG 9110007 3 1 Tan, red, pink 13 SOG 9110007 3 2 Pink-orange 13 SOG 9110007 3 3 Pink-orange 13 SOG 9110007 3 4 Red-orange 14 SOG 9110049 1 4 Pink-orange 14 SOG 9110049 3 3 Yellow 1 Fountaingrass (FG Pride) 3 1 Brown 16 Little Bluestem (Cimarron) 1 4 Purple 18 Little Bluestem 9110987 3 1 Yellow-red, rusty brown 25 Little Bluestem 9093042 1 3 Yellow
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