Article Figures & Data
Figures
Viola pedatifida G. Don (prairie violet) fruits and seeds. Fruit split open with seeds ready to ballistically disperse (center of photo) and fruit pointed upward ready to be collected (to the right).
Viola pedatifida fruits with seeds. From top to bottom: unripe seeds collected too early, ripe tan seeds in a naturally split-open fruit, fruit pointed upward ready for collection.
- Figure 1.
Viola species tested, the habitat in which they are found, conservation status, and select results.
Viola pubescens seeds and elaiosomes.
Viola pedatifida fruits in the pointed-down orientation. Not yet ready to be collected but should begin turning upward in 2 to 3 d.
- Figure 2.
Germination response to one-d storage conditions in Viola pedatifida. Germination was significantly lower than the control when seeds were stored with fruit in the warm/humid treatment as well as when fruits were excluded and stored in the warm/dry treatment.
- Figure 3.
Viola pedatifida seeds were stored for 0, 4, and 16 wk at the above temperature/humidity conditions and pretreated with 750 ppm GA to see how storage factors affected germination. Storage had a negative impact on germination in all treatments except seeds stored for 4 wk at high temperature, high humidity.
- Figure 4.
Viability adjusted germination of Viola species as a function of seed pretreatments: “Con” = control; “P - X” = Priming with PEG at −1, −1.5, and −3 MPa for 7 d; “GA X” = gibberellic acid application at 250, 500, and 750 ppm for 1 d; “CX” = cold stratification for 60, 90, and 120 d. Seeds in this experiment were stored for ~10 mo under room temperature conditions, with the exception of V. sagittata and V. lanceolata, which were stored for the same duration but at 4 °C (39.2 °F). Tukey post-hoc test results indicate significance only within a single accession, and treatments that do not share a letter notate a significant difference of P < 0.05. Horizontal lines indicate germination from the overwintering treatment and are not compared statistically to other treatments. Abovementioned statistical analyses were not run for V. labradorica because of low germination in many of the treatments, so mean values are reported without SE or Tukey values. For V. pubescens, statistical analyses were run for only the 3 cold stratification durations, and C120 resulted in significantly greater germination than C60 or C90 (P < 0.05).
Tables
- TABLE 1
Details of the seed accessions used for this study: species; location of the source population; month and year of seed collection; name of the accession; relationship (to specify if there is any relationship between 2 of the accessions); origin (W = wild, N = nursery, GC = growth chamber); seed storage conditions prior to beginning the germination experiment; seed storage duration.
Accession ID Species Source population Collection months/Year Relationship Origin Seed storage conditions Storage duration LabS Viola labradorica Glencoe IL May 2018 W 23 °C, paper bag 11 mo LanS Viola lanceolata Morocco IN Apr–Jun 2018 N 4 °C, sealed plastic bag 10-12 mo PedSI Viola pedatiflda Lake County IL May–July 2018 Parent population of Ped2-Ped4 N 23 °C, sealed plastic bag 11-13 mo PedS2 Lake County IL Mar–May 2018 F1 of Ped1 GC 23 °C, paper bag 9-11 mo PedS3 July 2019 GC Variable, see methods 1 d PedS4 Grayslake IL July 2019 F1 of Ped1 N Variable, see methods 1 d PubS1 Viola pubescens Lake County IL Mar–May 2018 Parent population Pub3 GC 23 °C, paper bag 9-11 mo PubS2 Lake Forest IL Mar–May 2018 W 23 °C, paper bag 9-11 mo PubS3 Lake County IL July 2019 F1 of Pub1 GC Variable, see methods 1 d SagS Viola sagittata Morocco IN Apr–Jun 2018 N 4 °C, sealed plastic bag 10-12 mo SorS1 Viola sororia West Chicago IL May–July 2018 W 23 °C, paper bag 11-13 mo SorS2 Highland Park IL July 2019 W Variable, see methods 1 d Notes: 4 °C = 39.2 °F; 23 °C = 73.4 °F
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