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Research ArticleGeneral Technical

Seed production and propagation of northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla) for Nokomis fritillary (Speyeria nokomis) butterfly habitat restoration

Derek Tilley, James Spencer and Mary Wolf
Native Plants Journal March 2022, 23 (1) 130-138; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/npj.23.1.130
Derek Tilley
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Aberdeen Plant Materials Center PO Box 296 Aberdeen, ID 83210
Roles: Plant Materials Center Manager
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
James Spencer
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Roosevelt Field Office 815 South 400 West Roosevelt, UT 84066
Roles: Area Biologist
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Mary Wolf
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Aberdeen Plant Materials Center PO Box 296 Aberdeen, ID 83210
Roles: Plant Materials Center Agronomist
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

The Nokomis fritillary (Speyeria nokomis Edwards [Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae]) is a North American butterfly with unique dietary and reproduction requirements. The only confirmed food source of the Nokomis fritillary larva is the northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla Greene [Violaceae]), making seed and plant production of this plant critical to habitat restoration. Fifty mother plants established from seed in spring produced 10,000 seeds by cleistogamy during the summer. Stratification plus soaking in oxygenated water yielded mixed results on germination. Maximum germination (33%) was observed with 60 d stratification on blotter paper. Attempts to produce plants through asexual propagation were unsuccessful. Anecdotal observations suggest that improved seed cleaning and exposure to freeze/thaw cycles may improve seed germination.

KEY WORDS
  • germination
  • seed priming
  • seed dormancy
  • propagation
  • forbs
  • restoration
  • pollinator habitat
  • Violaceae
NOMENCLATURE
  • Plants: USDA NRCS (2020)
  • Insects: ITIS (2020)
  • Copyright © 2022 the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System

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Native Plants Journal: 23 (1)
Native Plants Journal
Vol. 23, Issue 1
20 Mar 2022
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Seed production and propagation of northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla) for Nokomis fritillary (Speyeria nokomis) butterfly habitat restoration
Derek Tilley, James Spencer, Mary Wolf
Native Plants Journal Mar 2022, 23 (1) 130-138; DOI: 10.3368/npj.23.1.130

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Seed production and propagation of northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla) for Nokomis fritillary (Speyeria nokomis) butterfly habitat restoration
Derek Tilley, James Spencer, Mary Wolf
Native Plants Journal Mar 2022, 23 (1) 130-138; DOI: 10.3368/npj.23.1.130
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Keywords

  • germination
  • seed priming
  • seed dormancy
  • propagation
  • forbs
  • restoration
  • pollinator habitat
  • Violaceae
  • Plants: USDA NRCS (2020)
  • Insects: ITIS (2020)
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