Challenges to developing native legume seed supplies: the Texas experience as a case study

Abstract

Plant community biodiversity is critical for maintaining native and cultivated grasslands. Even though legume nitrogen contribution can enhance ecosystem productivity, a critical number of native herbaceous legume species are not commercially available for grassland seed mixes in the south-central US. Of those on the market from other regions, perennial temperate species fail to survive the hot summer seasons, and the tropical species lack sufficient cold tolerance for winter survival through most of the region. We examine historical and current efforts to identify appropriate genotypes to supply native legume seed in Texas and immediate surroundings as a case study for developing a widely under-utilized resource in this and other regions. More than 30 native legume genera occur across this region, often as small, isolated, and protected populations. Several recent native le gume releases target forage production, grassland reclamation, and wildlife habitat, but the seed available meets only small-scale demands and lacks diversity. Wider germplasm adaptation, less costly seed production, and improved marketing may increase demand and economic viability of multiple native legume seeds in restoration, right-of-way stabilization, rangeland rehabilitation, and pasture cultivation. Systematic germplasm selection that focuses on potential market, seed harvestability, seedling vigor, and persistence under inter-plant competition and grazing pressures could substantially increase native legume domestication and sustained commercialization. Coordination of seed supply and demand involving policy aspects of government incentive programs, seed industry investments, and extension programs targeting potential user groups could contribute to greater commercialization success of native legumes with potential to provide multiple benefits to ecosystems across North America.