Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
One of the coastal barren seed collection sites (Chubucto Head) (A), the growth chamber used in Trials 1 and 4 (B), and the growth chamber used in Trials 2 and 3 (C). Photo by Amy Heim
- Figure 2.
Vaccinium angustifolium (Green roof, Saint Mary’s University). Photo by Amy Heim
- Figure 3.
Vaccinium macrocarpon (Duncan’s Cove Nature Reserve, Nova Scotia). Photo by Amy Heim
- Figure 4.
Plantago maritima (Crystal Crescent Provincial Park, Nova Scotia). Photo by Jeremy Lundholm
- Figure 5.
Lathyrus japonicus (Crystal Crescent Provincial Park, Nova Scotia). Photo by Jeremy Lundholm
- Figure 6.
Spartina pectinata (A) and Oenothera biennis (B) germinating in the wet treatment during the 2013 trial. Photo by Amy Heim
- Figure 7.
Hudsonia ericoides (Duncan’s Cove Nature Reserve, Nova Scotia). Photo by Jeremy Lundholm
- Figure 8.
Average germination rate (A) and average number of days until germination (B) for Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, and S. pectinata when stored in freshwater (fresh) vs. saltwater (salt) at 4 °C vs. –20 °C. Spartina alterniflora in the freshwater at –20 °C treatment did not germinate, and only 1 replicate germinated in the saltwater at –20 °C treatment. For each species, those bars that share a letter are not significantly different. Error bar indicates standard error.
Tables
Trial Plant species Month Year collected Pre-storage treatment Storage temperature Storage duration Irrigation treatment Germination duration 1 Empetrum nigrum
Empetrum eamesii
Vaccinium angustifolium
Gaylussacia dumosaAugust 2004
September 2004Seeds
Berries4 °C
−20 °C6 mo Freshwater 2 mo Vaccinium macrocarpon October 2004 2 Juncus gerardii July 2013 Festuca rubra August 2013 Schoenoplectus maritimus
Spartina patens
Spartina pectinataSeptember 2013 Anaphalis margaritacea
Atriplex glabriusculata
Lathyrus japonicus
Limonium carolinianum
Oenothera biennis
Plantago maritima
Solidago sempervirens
Spartina alterniflora
Symphyotrichum novi-belgiiOctober 2013 Freshwater
dry4 °C 2.5 mo Freshwater 2.5 mo 3 Spartina alterniflora
Spartina patens
Spartina pectinataOctober 2014 Freshwater 4 °C
−20 °C2.5 mo Freshwater
Saltwater34 d 4 Calamagrostis pickeringii
Hudsonia ericoides
Limonium carolinianum
Plantago maritimaAugust 2015
October 2015Freshwater dry 4 °C 2 y Freshwater
Saltwater2.5 mo - TABLE 2
Average germination rate (%) ± SE and number of seeds per replicate (x/x) for species in Trial 1.
Storage temperature 4 °C 20 °C 4 °C 20 °C Storage treatment Seeds Seeds Berry Berry Empetrum nigrum (x/8) 25.7±5.8 0.1±.06 0 0 Vaccinium angustifolium (x/41) 14.8±2.2 0 0 0 Empetrum eamesii (x/8) 0 14.6±4.1 0 0 Gaylussacia dumosa (x/10) 0 0 0 0 Vaccinium macrocarpon (x/16) 65.6±4.8 NA 2.8±2.8 NA Notes: Replicates for Gaylussacia dumosa treatments were n = 9, and replicates for all other treatments were n = 18. SE, standard error.
- TABLE 3
Average germination rate and average number of days until germination ± SE for species in Trial 2.
Species Germination rate (%) Average days until germination Trial 2 Wet (x/20) Dry (x/20) Wet Dry Anaphalis margaritacea 13.3±6.0 3.3±3.3 12.2±0.4 14.0±NA Atriplex glabrisculata 96.7±3.3* 70.0±7.6* 4.1±0.2* 27.6±3.7* Festuca rubra 58.3 ±3.3 53.3±1.7 6.4±0.3* 10.0±0.3* Lathyrus japonicus 0.0±0.0 1.7±1.7 NA 6 ±NA Limonium carolinianum 65.0±7.6 50.0±2.9 6.4±0.6* 21.6±0.7* Oenothera biennis 95.0±2.9* 15.0±2.9* 3.3±1.0* 9.5±3.6* Plantago maritima 95.0±2.9* 13.3±1.7* 3.4±0.1 10.9±4.9 Schoenoplectus maritimus 10.0±7.6 10.0±5.8 7.9±2.4 15.9±5.5 Solidago sempervirens 85.0±7.6 36.7±7.3* 4.3±0.1* 10.5±1.1* Spartina alterniflora 35.0±5.8* 18.3±1.7* 19.2±3.0* 31.5±1.7* Spartina patens 28.3±3.3* 6.7±1.7* 6.3±0.6* 47.0±7.5* Spartina pectinata 40.0±8.7* 6.7±1.7* 6.3±0.4* 44.2±5.1* Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 51.7±9.3 38.3±9.3 4.9±0.3* 19.0±3.3* ↵Notes: Each species was stored at 4 °C and had a freshwater and a dry storage treatment. Trial 2 had 3 replicates with 20 seeds per replicate. For each species and category, an * indicates significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05). Only 1 replicate of Lathyrus japonicus germinated, and only 1 replicate of Anaphalis margaritacea germinated in the dry treatment, therefore, the average could not be calculated for these species. SE, standard error.
- TABLE 4
Trial 4: Freshwater vs. dry storage for Plantago maritima, Hudsonia ericoides, and Limonium carolinianum, and the use of saltwater vs. freshwater irrigation for Plantago maritima.
Species Germination rate (%) Average days until germination Storage Wet (x/50) Dry (x/50) Wet Dry Hudsonia ericoides 2.0±2.0 11.8±2.2 4±NA 5.9±0.9 Limonium carolinianum 3.3±1.3 11.3±1.8* 2.3±0.7* 18.6±1.9 Storage Dry Wet Dry Wet Irrigation Fresh Salt Fresh Salt Fresh Salt Fresh Salt Plantago maritima 39.3±6.4* 6.0±6.0 10.0±3.1 9.3±2.4 3.9±0.9 7.5±1.2 8.1±1.2 13.4±4.5 ↵Notes: This table shows average germination rate and the average number of days until germination ± SE (standard error). The trial used 3 replicates with 50 seeds per replicate. An * indicates that the treatment performed significantly better (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. For Hudsonia ericoides, 2 of the 3 replicates in the wet treatment did not germinate. For P. maritima, the dry storage/freshwater treatment was significantly different from the wet storage/freshwater treatment.
Species Family Habitat Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Asteraceae Roadside Atriplex glabriusculata Edmondston Chenopodiaceae Salt marsh Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray Poaceae Coastal barren Empetrum nigrum L. Ericaceae Coastal barren Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand Ericaceae Coastal barren Festuca rubra L. Poaceae Coastal barren Gaylussacia dumosa Fern. Ericaceae Coastal barren Hudsonia ericoides L. Cistaceae Coastal barren Juncus gerardii Loisel. Juncaceae Salt marsh Lathyrus japonicus Willd. Fabaceae Salt marsh, dunes Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton Plumbaginaceae Salt marsh Oenothera biennis L. Onagraceae Roadside Plantago maritima L. Plantaginaceae Salt marsh, coastal barren Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Nels. Cyperaceae Salt marsh Solidago sempervirens L. Asteraceae Salt marsh, dunes, coastal barren Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Poaceae Salt marsh Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Poaceae Salt marsh Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link Poaceae Salt marsh Symphyotrichum novi-belgii L. Asteraceae Coastal barren, roadside Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Ericaceae Coastal barren Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Ericaceae Coastal barren - TABLE A.2
For each trial, this table includes the number of replicates used for each treatment, the number of seeds used in each replicate, and the location in Nova Scotia where seeds were collected.
Trial Replicates for each treatment Seeds per replicate Location of seed collection 1 18, Vaccinium macrocarpon 16 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W 18, Empetrum nigrum 8 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W 18, Empetrum eamesii 8 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W 18, Vaccinium angustifolium 41 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W 9, Gaylussacia dumosa 10 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W 2 3 20 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W
44.63222 N, 63.58139 W
44.64556 N, 63.37444 W3 8 20 44.64556 N, 63.37444 W 44.64972 N, 63.42083 W
44.99722 N, 64.14306 W
45.07889 N, 64.13083 W4 3 50 44.50722 N, 63.52278 W
44.64556 N, 63.37444 WNotes: For Trial 1, the number of seeds for each replicate was chosen based on the average number of seeds found in a typical berry for that species.
- TABLE A.3
Trial 1: Two-way ANOVA table for the germination rate of E. nigrum, E. eamesii, V. angustifolium, and V. macrocarpon for seeds and berries stored at 4 °C and −20 °C.
Species Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Vaccinium angustifolium Fruit 1 981.6 981.6 45.44 4.14e-09 Temp 1 981.6 981.6 45.44 4.14e-09 Fruit : Temp 1 981.6 981.6 45.44 4.14e-09 Residuals 68 1469.0 21.6 Empetrum nigrum Fruit 1 2813 2812 18.03 6.76e-05 Temp 1 3134 3134 20.09 2.91e-05 Fruit : Temp 1 2812 2812 18.03 6.76e-05 Residuals 68 10608 156 Empetrum eamesii Fruit 1 957 957.0 12.81 0.00064 Temp 1 957 957.0 12.81 0.00064 Fruit : Temp 1 957 957.0 12.81 0.00064 Residuals 68 5078 74.7 Vaccinium macrocarpon Fruit 1 35548 35548 128.4 4.32e-13 Residuals 34 9412 277 Notes: For V. macrocarpon, seeds and berries were stored only at 4 °C.
Germination rate Trans. Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Anaphalis margaritacea 1 2.338 2.3378 3.078 0.154 Residuals 4 3.038 0.7595 Atriplex glabriusculata 1 7.709 7.709 12.2 0.0251 Residuals 4 2.528 0.632 Festuca rubra Log 1 0.01147 0.011473 1.861 0.244 Residuals 4 0.02466 0.006165 Limonium carolinianum 1 0.6616 0.6616 2.995 0.159 Residuals 4 0.8838 0.2209 Lathyrus japonicus 1 0.2071 0.2071 1 0.374 Residuals 4 0.8283 0.2071 Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 1 0.557 0.5570 1.1 0.353 Residuals 4 2.026 0.5064 Oenothera biennis Log 1 5.325 5.325 85.86 0.000754 Residuals 4 0.248 0.062 Spartina alterniflora 1 1.1170 1.1170 9.219 0.0385 Residuals 4 0.4847 0.1212 Plantago maritima Log 1 5.881 5.881 204.3 0.000139 Residuals 4 0.115 0.029 Schoenoplectus maritimus 1 0.014 0.0144 0.009 0.929 Residuals 4 6.450 1.6124 Spartina patens 1 4.629 4.629 35.23 0.00404 Residuals 4 0.526 0.131 Spartina pectinata 1 7.667 7.667 25.19 0.00739 Residuals 4 1.218 0.304 Solidago sempervirens 1 9.654 9.654 8.153 0.0461 Residuals 4 4.736 1.184 Notes: Each species was stored at 4 °C and had a freshwater and dry storage treatment. Non-normal data sets were log transformed (Trans.).
- TABLE A.5
One-way ANOVA tables for average number of days until germination for species in Trial 2.
Average days until germination Trans. Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Atriplex glabriusculata 1 827.2 827.2 40.42 0.00314 Residuals 4 81.9 20.5 Anaphalis margaritacea 1 2.341 2.3408 4.155 0.178 Residuals 2 1.127 0.5633 Festuca rubra 1 19.512 19.512 71.82 0.00106 Residuals 4 1.087 0.272 Limonium carolinianum Log 1 2.235 2.235 146.5 0.000267 Residuals 4 0.061 0.0153 Lathyrus japonicus 1 6.0 6.0 1.0 0.374 Residuals 4 24 6.0 Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 1 295.68 295.68 17.66 0.0137 Residuals 4 66.98 16.74 Oenothera biennis 1 1872.7 1872.7 92.86 0.000649 Residuals 4 80.7 20.2 Plantago maritima Log 1 1.443 1.4431 4.675 0.0967 Residuals 4 1.235 0.3087 Spartina alterniflora 1 227.55 227.55 13.21 0.0221 Residuals 4 68.89 17.22 Schoenoplectus maritimus 1 50.58 50.58 0.947 0.386 Residuals 4 213.57 53.39 Spartina patens 1 3361 3361 39.41 0.00329 Residuals 4 341.0 85.0 Spartina pectinata 1 2150.8 2150.8 54.06 0.00182 Residuals 4 159.1 39.8 Solidago sempervirens 1 57.47 57.47 31.07 0.00508 Residuals 4 7.40 1.85 Notes: Each species was stored at 4 °C and had a freshwater and dry storage treatment. Non-normal data sets were log transformed (Trans.).
- TABLE A.6
ANOVA table for the germination rate for S. alterniflora, S. patens, and S. pectinata when stored in freshwater (fresh) vs. saltwater (salt) at 4 °C vs. −20 °C.
Trans. Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Spartina alterniflora Log(1+data) Temperature 1 63.5 63.5 59.617 1.47e-10 Irrigation 1 .53 .53 .495 .484 Temp : irrigation 1 1.38 1.38 1.295 .260 Residuals 60 63.91 1.07 Spartina patens sqrt Temperature 1 141.49 141.49 27.964 1.83e-06 Irrigation 1 16.01 16.01 3.164 0.08033 Temp : irrigation 1 59.6 59.6 11.779 0.00109 Residuals 60 303.59 5.06 Spartina pectinata ^(1/3) Temperature 1 23.36 23.36 22.24 1.48e-05 Irrigation 1 11.82 11.82 11.26 .00138 Temp : irrigation 1 19.65 19.66 18.71 5.84e-05 Residuals 60 63.03 1.05 - TABLE A.7
Two-way ANOVA table for the average number of days until germination for S. alterniflora, S. patens, and S. pectinata when stored in freshwater (fresh) vs. saltwater (salt) at 4 °C vs. −20 °C.
Trans. Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Spartina alterniflora Temperature 1 47.27 47.27 3.539 .07388 Irrigation 1 118.23 118.23 8.851 0.00722 Residuals 21 280.52 13.36 Spartina patens Log Temperature 1 0.2982 0.2982 5.207 0.027392 Irrigation 1 1.0247 1.0247 17.894 0.000116 Temp: irrigation 1 0.0842 1.470 0.231782 Residuals 44 44 2.5198 0.0573 Spartina pectinata sqrt Temperature 1 14.290 14.290 76.380 6.55e-11 Irrigation 1 4.373 4.373 23.373 1.91e-05 Temp: irrigation 1 1.868 1.868 9.982 0.00297 Residuals 41 7.671 0.187 - TABLE A.8
One-way ANOVA tables for the average germination rate and average number of days until germination for species in Trial 4.
Germination rate Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Hudsonia ericoides 1 0.9176 0.9176 3.499 0.135 Residuals 4 1.0491 0.2623 Limonium carolinianum 1 3.060 3.060 11.38 0.028 Residuals 4 1.076 0.269 Days until germination Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Hudsonia ericoides 1 6.380 6.380 1.812 0.311 Residuals 2 7.042 3.521 Limonium carolinianum 1 570.2 570.2 91.17 0.00067 Residuals 4 25.0 6.3 Notes: Each species was stored at 4 °C and had a freshwater and a dry storage treatment.
- TABLE A.9
Two-way ANOVA test for the average germination rate of Plantago maritima in Trial 4.
Df Sum sq Mean sq F value Pr(>F) Storage 1 507.0 507.0 7.383 0.02636 Irrigation 1 867.0 867.0 12.626 0.00747 Storage : Irrigation 1 800.3 800.3 11.655 0.00917 Residuals 8 549.3 68.7 Notes: Treatments included freshwater vs. dry storage and the use of saltwater vs. freshwater irrigation during germination.
