Article Figures & Data
Figures
Black-eyed Susan plants (Rudbeckia hirta L. [Asteraceae]) on restoration site. Photo by Niels Jorgensen
Arlington Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, Wisconsin. Photo by Joslyn Mink
OJ Noer Turfgrass Facility, Verona, Wisconsin. Photo by Joslyn Mink
Early emerging plants. Photo by Niels Jorgensen
- Figure 1.
Soil surface compaction (0 cm depth) for 4 treatment groups. Compaction data were taken during May 2012 at 2 locations in southern Wisconsin. Soils were prepared by disking and tillage to simulate disturbances typically experienced during road construction prior to reseeding a right-of-way.
- Figure 2.
Soil compaction averaged over 0–10 cm depths for 4 treatment groups. Compaction data were taken during May 2012 at 2 locations in southern Wisconsin. Soils were prepared by disking and tillage to simulate disturbances typically experienced during road construction prior to reseeding a right-of-way.
Tables
Scientific name Common name Family Seeding rate (# PLS/m2) Forbs Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Asteraceae 23.99 Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Prairie blazing star Asteraceae 20.28 Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot Lamiaceae 26.10 Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart Yellow coneflower Asteraceae 20.11 Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan Asteraceae 33.86 Grasses Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big bluestem Poaceae 96.89 Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Sideoats grama Poaceae 52.68 Elymus canadensis (L.) Canada wildrye Poaceae 132.64 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash Little bluestem Poaceae 83.95 Notes: Fields were broadcast seeded after compaction treatments were applied in November. No plants germinated until the following spring. PLS, pure live seed.
- TABLE 2
Precipitation (Precip) and mean monthly temperature (Temp) values for Arlington, Wisconsin, and Verona, Wisconsin, during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013 compared to the 30-y means (1981–2010) for each location.
Month 30-y normal (1981–2010) 2012 Growing season 2013 Growing season Precip (cm) Temp (°C) Precip (cm) Temp (°C) Precip (cm) Temp (°C) Arlington, WI May 9.6 14.3 7.7 16.3 15.8 14.3 June 12.2 19.8 0.7 21.5 18.9 18.8 July 11.0 21.9 10.1 24.6 6.9 19.5 August 10.2 20.9 7.1 19.6 — — September 9.5 16.3 2.4 14.0 — — October 6.5 9.6 9.9 7.5 — — Total/Average 59.0 17.1 37.9 17.3 41.6 17.5 Verona, WI May 10.1 14.2 6.1 17.2 9.9 15.0 June 12.4 19.6 0.5 22.2 20.1 20.0 July 10.4 21.9 5.6 26.7 4.6 21.7 August 10.7 20.8 5.1 21.7 — — September 8.8 16.3 2.2 16.1 — — October 6.8 9.5 10.5 9.4 — — Total/Average 59.2 17.1 30.0 18.9 34.6 18.9 - TABLE 3
Effect of soil surface compaction on the establishment of 5 planted native prairie forbs and 4 grasses seeded in November 2011 across 2 locations in southern Wisconsin.
Plant species Slope P value R2 Total planted species 0.002 0.2 0.06 Total planted forbs 0.002 0.3 0.03 Black-eyed Susan −0.001 0.4 0.03 New England aster 0.001 0.6 0.01 Prairie blazing star 0.001 0.3 0.04 Wild bergamot 0.001 0.4 0.02 Yellow coneflower 0.001 0.5 0.01 Total planted grasses 0.001 0.5 0.02 Big bluestem −0.0003 0.7 0.01 Canada wildrye 0.002 0.1 0.07 Little bluestem 0.0002 0.9 < 0.01 Sideoats grama −0.002 0.3 0.03 Notes: Planted species density (plants/m2) was determined in June 2012 of the establishment year and compared to soil surface compaction measured in May 2012. Four levels of compaction were replicated 4 times at each location.
- TABLE 4
Effect of soil compaction (0–10 cm depth) on the survival of 5 planted native prairie forbs and 4 grasses seeded in November 2011 across 2 locations in southern Wisconsin.
Plant species Slope P value R2 Total planted species −0.002 0.2 0.05 Total planted forbs −0.007 < 0.001 0.4 Black-eyed Susan −0.001 0.003 0.3 New England aster −0.004 < 0.001 0.4 Prairie blazing star −0.002 0.009 0.2 Wild bergamot −0.002 0.003 0.3 Yellow coneflower −0.004 0.003 0.3 Total planted grasses 0.002 0.2 0.05 Big bluestem −0.001 0.07 0.1 Canada wildrye 0.003 0.004 0.3 Little bluestem −0.003 0.07 0.1 Sideoats grama −0.002 0.03 0.2 Notes: Planted species density (plants/m2) was determined in July (2013) of the survival year and compared to soil compaction averaged over 5 soil depths (0–10 cm) measured in May 2012. Four levels of compaction were replicated 4 times at each location. Values in bold are considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
- TABLE 5
Effect of soil compaction (0–10 cm depth) on the survival of 5 planted native prairie forbs and 4 grasses seeded in November 2011 across 2 locations in southern Wisconsin.
Plant species Slope P value R2 Total planted species −0.002 0.002 0.3 Total planted forbs −0.003 < 0.001 0.3 Black-eyed Susan −0.001 0.008 0.2 New England aster −0.002 < 0.001 0.4 Prairie blazing star −0.001 0.01 0.2 Wild bergamot −0.001 0.001 0.3 Yellow coneflower −0.002 0.01 0.2 Total planted grasses −0.0001 1.0 <0.01 Big bluestem −0.0004 0.06 0.1 Canada wildrye 0.001 0.006 0.2 Little bluestem −0.001 0.08 0.1 Sideoats grama −0.001 0.02 0.2 Total non-planted species 0.002 < 0.001 0.3 Total non-planted forbs * 0.003 < 0.001 0.3 Total non-planted grasses ** −0.002 0.004 0.2 Notes: Planted species ground cover was determined in July (2013) of the survival year and compared to soil compaction averaged over 5 soil depths (0–10 cm) measured in May 2012. Four levels of compaction were replicated 4 times at each location. Values in bold are considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
↵* Common species include red clover, black medic, velvet leaf, lambsquarter, and dandelion.
↵** Common species include tall fescue and crabgrass.
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