Evaluating seed viability in prairie forbs: a test of three methods

REFERENCES

1. 1. [AOSA] Association of Official Seed Analysts

   . 2012. Tetrazolium testing handbook. Washington (DC): AOSA Inc.
2. 1. Baskin CC,
   2. Baskin JM

   . 1988. Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. American Journal of Botany 75:286–305.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. 1. Baskin CC,
   2. Baskin JM

   . 2001. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego (CA): Academic Press.
4. 1. Bewley JD,
   2. Bradford K,
   3. Hilhorst HM,
   4. Nonogaki H

   . 2013. Longevity, storage, and deterioration. In: Seeds: physiology of development, germination, and dormancy. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Springer. p 341–376.
5. 1. [BLM]. Bureau of Land Management

   . 2012. Technical protocol for the collection, study, and conservation of seeds from native plant species for Seeds of Success. URL: http://www.blm.gov/sos (accessed 19 Sep 2014). Washington (DC): Seeds of Success.
6. 1. Carter DL,
   2. Blair JM

   . 2012. High richness and dense seeding enhance grassland restoration establishment but have little effect on drought response. Ecological Applications 22:1308–1319.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 1. Çetinbaş M,
   2. Koyuncu F

   . 2006. Improving germination of Prunus avium L. seeds by gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and thiourea. Horticultural Science 33:119–123.

   OpenUrl
8. 1. Chapin FS,
   2. Zavaleta ES,
   3. Eviner VT,
   4. Naylor RL,
   5. Vitousek PM,
   6. Reynolds HL,
   7. Hooper DU,
   8. Lavorel S,
   9. Sala OE,
   10. Hobbie SE,
   11. Mack MC,
   12. Díaz S

   . 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234–242.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 1. Clauss MJ,
   2. Venable DL

   . 2000. Seed germination in desert annuals: an empirical test of adaptive bet hedging. American Naturalist 155(2):168–186.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. 1. Cole ADF,
    2. Major RL,
    3. Wright LN

    . 1974. Effects of temperature on germination of sideoats grama. Journal of Range Management 27:41–44.

    OpenUrl
11. 1. Dickson TL,
    2. Busby WH

    . 2009. Forb species establishment increases with decreased grass seeding density and with increased forb seeding density in a northeast Kansas, U.S.A., experimental prairie restoration. Restoration Ecology 17:597–605.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
12. 1. Dornbos DL,
    2. Mullen RE,
    3. Shibles RE

    . 1989. Drought stress effects during seed fill on soybean seed germination and vigor. Crop Science 29(2):476–480.

    OpenUrl
13. 1. Ehrenreich JH,
    2. Aikman JM

    . 1963. An ecological study of the effect of certain management practices on native prairie in Iowa. Ecological Monographs 33(2):113–130.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. 1. Elias S,
    2. Garay A,
    3. Schweitzer L,
    4. Hanning S

    . 2006. Seed quality testing of native species. Native Plants Journal 7(1):15–19.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 1. Fenner M

    . 1991. The effects of the parent environment on seed germinability. Seed Science Research 1(02):75–84.

    OpenUrl
16. 1. Goodman RC,
    2. Jacobs DF,
    3. Karrfalt RP

    . 2006. Assessing viability of northern red oak acorns with X-rays application for seed managers. Native Plants Journal 7(3):279–283.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
17. 1. Gosling PG

    . 2003. Seed viability. Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens. p 447–481.
18. 1. Greene HC,
    2. Curtis JT

    . 1950. Plants: prairie studies of Wisconsin germination perennials. American Midland Naturalist 43(1):186–194.

    OpenUrl
19. 1. Hillhouse HL,
    2. Zedler PH

    . 2011. Native species establishment in tallgrass prairie plantings. American Midland Naturalist 166:292–308.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Isbell F,
    2. Calcagno V,
    3. Hector A,
    4. Connolly J,
    5. Harpole WS,
    6. Reich PB,
    7. Scherer-Lorenzen M,
    8. Schmid B,
    9. Tilman D,
    10. van Ruijven J,
    11. Weigelt A,
    12. Wilsey BJ,
    13. Zavaleta ES,
    14. Loreau M

    . 2011. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 477(7363):199–202.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 1. Larson DL,
    2. Bright JB,
    3. Drobney P,
    4. Larson JL,
    5. Palaia N,
    6. Rabie PA,
    7. Vacek S,
    8. Wells D

    . 2011. Effects of planting method and seed mix richness on the early stages of tallgrass prairie restoration. Biological Conservation 144(12):3127–3139.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. 1. Madeiras AM,
    2. Boyle TH,
    3. Autio WR

    . 2007. Germination of Phlox pilosa L. seeds is improved by gibberellic acid and light but not stratification, potassium nitrate, or surface disinfestation. Horticultural Science 42(5):1263–1267.

    OpenUrl
23. 1. Menges ES

    . 1991. Seed germination percentage increases with population size in a fragmented prairie species. Conservation Biology 5(2):158–164.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. 1. Miller AL,
    2. Peters J

    . 2010. AOSA/SCST Tetrazolium testing handbook. 2010 ed. Washington (DC): AOSA Inc.
25. 1. Mondoni A,
    2. Rossi G,
    3. Probert R

    . 2012. Temperature controls seed germination and dormancy in the European woodland herbaceous perennial Erythronium denscanis (Liliaceae). Plant Biology 14(3): 475–480.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 1. Naylor JM,
    2. Jana S

    . 1976. Genetic adaptation for seed dormancy in Avena fatua. Canadian Journal of Botany 54(3–4):306–312.

    OpenUrl
27. 1. Necajeva J,
    2. Ievinsh G

    . 2013. Seed dormancy and germination of an endangered coastal plant Eryngium maritimum (Apiaceae). Estonian Journal of Ecology 62(2):150.

    OpenUrl
28. 1. Peters M,
    2. Schottler S

    . 2010. The role of forb seeding rate in enhancing floristic diversity in prairie reconstructions. In: Williams D, Butler B, Smith D, coordinators and editors. Symposium proceedings, 22nd North American Prairie Conference, restoration and reconstruction; 2010 Aug 1–5; Cedar Falls, IA. Tallgrass Prairie Center, University of Northern Iowa. p 70–78.
29. 1. Qaderi MM,
    2. Cavers PB

    . 2000. Interpopulation variation in germination responses of Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L., to various concentrations of GA3, KNO3, and NaHCO3. Canadian Journal of Botany 78(9):1156–1163.

    OpenUrl
30. 1. R Core Team

    . 2012. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
31. 1. Robison R,
    2. White DB,
    3. Meyer MH

    . 2013. Plants in prairie communities. URL: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG3238.html#prairies (accessed 19 Sep 2014). St Paul (MN): University of Minnesota Extension Office.
32. 1. Sluis WJ

    . 2002. Patterns of species richness and composition in recreated grassland. Restoration Ecology 10(4):677–684.

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Smith DD,
    2. Williams D,
    3. Houseal G,
    4. Henderson K

    . 2010. The Tallgrass Prairie Center guide to prairie restoration in the upper Midwest. Iowa City (IA): University of Iowa Press. 338 p.
34. 1. Terry J,
    2. Probert RJ,
    3. Linington SH

    . 2003. Collections. In: Smith RD, Dickie JB, Linington SH, Pritchard HW, Probert RJ, editors. Seed conservation: turning science into practice. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens. p 309–325.
35. 1. Turner SR,
    2. Steadman KJ,
    3. Vlahos S,
    4. Koch JM,
    5. Dixon KW

    . 2013. Seed treatment optimizes benefits of seed bank storage for restoration-ready seeds: the feasibility of prestorage dormancy alleviation for mine-site revegetation. Restoration Ecology 21(2):186–192.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. [USDA NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

    . 2015. The PLANTS database. URL: http://plants.usda.gov (accessed 4 Mar 2015). Greensboro (NC): National Plant Data Team.
37. 1. Voigt JW

    . 2013. Seed germination of true prairie forbs. Journal of Range Management 30(6):439–441.

    OpenUrl
38. 1. Watkinson JI,
    2. Pill WG

    . 1998. Gibberellic acid and presowing chilling increase seed germination of Indiangrass [Sorgastrum nutans (L.) Nash.]. Horticultural Science 33(5):849–851.

    OpenUrl
39. 1. Yates ED

    . 2009. The Dixon National Tallgrass Prairie Seed Bank: ex-situ conservation of native plant species. Missouri Prairie Journal 30(1):22–27.

    OpenUrl